A perfectly competitive market is generally defined as one in which at least all of the following conditions exist together:
- zero entry or exit costs (there are no/low startup costs),
- zero transaction costs (customers are free to go where they please)
- firms have a relatively small market share (no single firm dominates the market),
- ‘factors of production’ are mobile in the long run (labour and capital can be modified easily), and
- an homogenous product (an easily substitutable product, characteristics do not vary across suppliers).
In such a market there are only two conditions which can be altered by the firm itself; one is modifying labour and/or capital, the other is defining their product so it is perceived to be ‘less substitutable’ or to use plain English – different. The latter is also the only way a firm can command a price premium above that of ‘the market’.
The perfectly competitive market is mostly a theoretical concept; this specific set of conditions do not generally occur together, although some industries have notable similarities and are what you could call “near-perfect”. Utilities are one example; how many times have you been asked to change electricity companies and not really understood (or cared about) the difference?









